伊恩·莫里斯（Ian Morris）指出，文化独创与环境挑战的相互作用是推动社会演化的关键：治理体系、法律框架以及共同的社会价值观塑造了社会应对挑战的方式；对创新的文化开放性能够加速发展；促进贸易和互动的文化推动思想与技术的交流传播而促进进步。到了19世纪，西方文明在工业产出、军事力量和全球影响力方面已大幅超越东方社会。这一分化的根源包括：1. “地理优势”（Geographic Luck）-西方拥有丰富的煤炭和殖民地资源；2. “文化因素”（Cultural Factors）-科学探索和资本主义经济体系推动了西方的快速发展；3. “东方的孤立”（Eastern Isolation）：比如中国的闭关自守。莫里斯指出，尽管目前世界由西方主导，但这种平衡并非永久不变。全球性挑战、技术变革以及政治动荡可能会重新定义东西方之间的动态关系。
Ian Morris notes the interaction of cultural ingenuity and environmental challenges drives societal evolution. The development of governance systems, legal frameworks, and shared societal values shapes how societies respond to challenges. Cultural openness to innovation can accelerate development. Cultural practices that promote trade and interaction allowed for the exchange of ideas and technology, fostering progress. By the 19th century, Western civilizations had far outpaced Eastern societies in terms of industrial output, military power, and global influence. This divergence was rooted in: Geographic Luck-access to coal and colonial resources；Cultural Factors- scientific inquiry and capitalist economies；and Eastern Isolation- political conservatism in China．Morris suggests that the “West” dominates for now, but this balance is not permanent. Global challenges, technological disruptions, and political instability may redefine the dynamics between East and West.
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